Friday, 31 October 2014

Study Task 4: Academic Referencing & Triangulation


Discourse Analysis



'Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!' is an American comedy sketch show made by and starring Tim Heidecker and Eric Wareheim. The piece that I am analysing is a faux-commercial taken from this programme, featuring a fictional corporation, Cinco, which satirises American consumerism, advertising and culture. The programme focuses on mocking existing styles and themes, in this case the standard format of infomercials from the 1980s and 1990s, through employing amateur actors, using terribly executed green screening and brash, obnoxious special effects. The intention is to create humour through the impression of absolute incompetence, unease and discomfort.

American cable network Adult Swim hosted 'Tim and Eric' between 2007 and 2010. Generally, many programmes that the channel hosts are considered experimental, transgressive and surreal, and as a result have created narrow audiences for themselves, but because of their video format they remain widely accessible. This media allows the stilted line reading, shots that linger for slightly too long and attention to unnecessary details in Tim and Eric's sketches, that form the essence of their humour.

The 'Cinco Food Tube' video begins with two couples sat in a relaxed, pleasant looking restaurant whilst a piano plays in the background. An 'incident' is mentioned, which triggers a montage of scenes of the first man screaming and being violently sick in a flash-back style. The waiters appear with the diners' orders, then the second man begins to eat with his fork. The first man screams again, which lasts for 17 seconds resulting in blood pooling around his eyeballs, before he exclaims "The fork! It's too dangerous! You're gonna poke yourself with that thing!". The following discussion then introduces the Cinco Corporation's latest product, the 'Cinco Food Tube'. This alternative way to eat a meal is explained in an infomercial style, and is broken down into steps. A poorly produced, grotesque section of the video then explains how the food tube is 'installed' into the first man's body. A procedure of some sort is carried out by men in white lab coats, which involves the removal of all of the 'Food Tube' user's teeth. A large metal machine is wheeled over to the dining table by the two men in white coats, who clumsily drill a hole into the table whilst the diner continues to explain the process. Food is scraped off a plate, through the hole and into the machine along with a 'softening cream' where it is blended and driven up a tube into the diners mouth. A tacky looking font and crudely edited 'before and after' photographs demonstrate the 'Food Tubes' effect.

By featuring men in white lab coats, the faux-commercial attempts to make its product more reliable and trustworthy. White lab coats are generally associated with doctors, scientists and people who are regarded professional or intellectual. Advertising uses this stereotype all the time in order to establish trust and give the impression of information being completely factual and scientifically supported. Paul Blow's illustration, 'Scientist' (Fig 1) satirises this outlook by depicting a man in a white lab coat with a dramatically oversized nose. This is clearly imitating the story of Pinocchio and comments on the way in which we can so easily take any nonsense as factual if it is said by a figure considered authoritarian and intellectual. I think that it points out the way in which these kinds of advertisements can hide their lies behind the use of jargon and an official appearance. In the case of the Cinco Food Tube, featuring the 'scientists' clearly does not make the product or commercial any more official or trustworthy, but mocks the way in which other advertisements use this approach.

This video perfectly demonstrates the way in which this genre satirises the American consumerist culture. 'The past few decades have seen the rise, here in America, of a new and unique phenomenon in human history, the mass consumption society.' (Katona, G. 1964: 3) This idea of a mass consumption society is also shown in the illustration 'Portrait of a Noodle Nut' by Ralph Steadman (Fig 2) which features what appears to be an ongoing row of men shovelling noodles into their mouths. The sketch is loose and gestural in places, with the most structure and focus surrounding the grotesque volume of food being stuffed into the unusually wide mouths of the men. The way that I interpret this illustration is that it reflects a passive mass consumption; demonstrating the way we blindly demand more in order to fill a void that can never be filled, or reach an unattainable level of satisfaction. The only aim is to consume.

Similarly to the previous image, Mikey Burton's illustration (Fig 3) suggests the ideology that happiness is something that can be bought or sold. This image was part of a series of three editorial illustrations, which also incorporated accomplishment and self worth as products which could be purchased. This clearly references consumerism and consumerist culture, mocking this idea through the method of advertisement.

Satirising the infomercials, the contrast between the classy feel of the restaurant and the absurdity of the Cinco product results in a kind of ridiculous sensory bombardment which leaves the viewer amused and baffled. This feeling of sensory overload is echoed in the illustration 'Marketing' by Angel Boligan (Fig 4) which portrays a deluge of ad campaigns and brands being funnelled into the eyes of a completely overwhelmed looking man. This mixed media piece is made up of ink drawing and collage, showing contrast between the crudely drawn black and white line work and the bright, gaudy, obnoxious colours used by the brands and advertisements. I think that this links back to the pleasant atmosphere of the restaurant in the Tim and Eric video and bizarre marketing of a ridiculous invention. The image is quite violent and vulgar in the way that the funnels have been forced into the eyes of a person who has no choice but to unwillingly accept the information. Again, this ties in with the violent nature of the Cinco Food Tube, which seems to completely disregard the health and safety of the buyer, in favour of 'convenience'. Commenting on the infomercials of the 80s and 90s, conversation such as “Wow, what a great tube...I want to be a Food-Tuber too” with the response “Well you can, with the Cinco Food Tube System” is used. This acts as a reflection and a mockery of the unrealistic, overly contrived dialogue often heard in these advertisements.

The idea behind the Cinco Corporation is that it parodies the "typical soulless corporation" through its crude, poorly produced and bizarre adverts, aiming to sell useless, pointless and in most cases, physically harmful products. 'They say necessity is the mother of invention. What they neglect to mention is that invention's dad is a moron and he sometimes pops by the house with a new piece of shit idea that's so staggeringly awful that he takes your silent awe as approval when in fact you're trying to think of a new way to say “What the fuck?” that is at once louder and more vulgar' (Fortley, I. 2012)

I feel that in the case of Tim and Eric, it could be argued that the medium is the message. 'More often the humor concerns itself with the how ridiculous the products on infomercials usually are, and how standardized, contrived, and silly the infomercials' production techniques. The object of ridicule is the medium, not the message.' (Fisher, C. 2011)

  • Over reliance on technology
  • Refer to iSee – Paul Blow

Fig 1.



Fig 2.



Fig 3.




Fig 4.



Fig 5.



Fig 1
Blow, P. (2010) 'Scientist', [Editorial Illustration]. Available from <http://www.paulblow.com/illustration/guardian/> [Accessed 29 October 2014]

Fig 2
Steadman, R. (n.d) 'Portrait of a Noodle Nut', [Art Print]. Available from <http://www.gregorlouden.com/blog/artist-profile-ralph-steadman/> [Accessed 29 October 2014]
Fig 3
Burton, M. (n.d), 'Unknown', [Editorial Illustration]. Available from <http://www.mikeyburton.com/#/real-simple-debt/> [Accessed 29 October 2014]

Fig 4
Boligan, A. (2011) 'Marketing', [Commercial Illustration]. Available from < http://www.politicalcartoons.com/cartoon/2a0821c6-351c-4213-b868-e083eb9926ef.html> [Accessed 29 October 2014]
Fig 5
Blow, P. (2012) 'iSee', [Editorial Illustration]. Available from <http://www.paulblow.com/news1/archive/2/> [Accessed 29 October 2014]



Bibliography

Fisher, C. (2011) '“I Don't Get It”: A Guide to Tim & Eric for Mem-Mems and Pep-Peps', USA, Cathyafisher.com. Available from <http://www.cathyafisher.com/writing/i-dont-get-it-a-guide-to-tim-eric-for-mem-mems-and-pep-peps> [Accessed 29 October 2014]

Fortley, I. (2012) 'The 5 Most Ridiculously Unnecessary Modern Inventions', USA, Cracked.com. Available from <http://www.cracked.com/blog/the-5-most-ridiculously-unnecessary-modern-inventions/> [Accessed 29 October 2014]


Katona, G. (1964) 'The Mass Consumption Society', University of Wisconsin, McGraw-Hill

Monday, 27 October 2014

Discourse Analysis Feedback

In our most recent CoP seminar, we had a peer review session in which we split into groups and read each other's discourse analyses. We gave each other feedback using forms which targeted the different points of the essays.

Here is the feedback that I received:





I think it was really beneficial to hear the opinions of people who have not heard of the programme that I have analysed as they gave me a different perspective. I intend to look into illustrations that satirise advertising, commercialism and consumerism. Like it has been suggested on one of the feedback forms, I could perhaps look into 80s and 90s advertisements to find the kind of inspiration for the video that I analysed. 

Wednesday, 22 October 2014

Study Task 3: Visual Discourse Analysis

Following the last CoP seminar, I have decided to move away from the Surrealism idea. I think that I would benefit by looking into something that I feel more interested in. I considered my hobbies and interests, including the kinds of music and television I like and decided to look into the TV comedy sketch show "Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!"





'Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!' is an American comedy sketch show made by and starring Tim Heidecker and Eric Wareheim. The piece that I am analysing is a faux-commercial taken from this programme, featuring a fictional corporation, Cinco, which satirises American consumerism, advertising and culture. The programme focuses on mocking existing styles and themes, in this case the standard format of infomercials from the 1980s and 1990s, through employing amateur actors, using terribly executed green screening and brash, obnoxious special effects. The intention is to create humour through the impression of absolute incompetence, unease and discomfort.

American cable network Adult Swim hosted 'Tim and Eric' between 2007 and 2010. Generally, many programmes that the channel hosts are considered experimental, transgressive and surreal, and as a result have created narrow audiences for themselves, but because of their video format they remain widely accessible. This media allows the stilted line reading, shots that linger for slightly too long and attention to unnecessary details in Tim and Eric's sketches, that form the essence of their humour.

The 'Cinco Food Tube' video begins with two couples sat in a relaxed, pleasant looking restaurant whilst a piano plays in the background. An 'incident' is mentioned, which triggers a montage of scenes of the first man screaming and being violently sick in a flash-back style. The waiters appear with the diners' orders, then the second man begins to eat with his fork. The first man screams again, which lasts for 17 seconds resulting in blood pooling around his eyeballs, before he exclaims "The fork! It's too dangerous! You're gonna poke yourself with that thing!". The following discussion then introduces the Cinco Corporation's latest product, the 'Cinco Food Tube'. This alternative way to eat a meal is explained in an infomercial style, and is broken down into steps. A poorly produced, grotesque section of the video then explains how the food tube is 'installed' into the first man's body. A large metal machine is wheeled over to the dining table by two men in white coats, who clumsily drill a hole into the table whilst the diner continues to explain the process. Food is scraped off a plate, through the hole and into the machine along with a 'softening cream' where it is blended and driven up a tube into the diners mouth. A tacky looking font and crudely edited 'before and after' photographs demonstrate the 'Food Tubes' effect.

This video perfectly demonstrates the way in which this genre satirises the American consumerist culture. The contrast between the classy feel of the restaurant and the absurdity of the Cinco product results in a kind of ridiculous sensory bombardment which leaves the viewer amused and baffled. Commenting on the infomercials of the 80s and 90s, phrases such as “Wow, what a great tube...I want to be a Food-Tuber too” and “Well you can, with the Cinco Food Tube System” are used. This acts as a reflection and a mockery of the unrealistic, overly contrived dialogue often heard in these advertisements.

The idea behind the Cinco Corporation is that it parodies the "typical soulless corporation" through its crude, poorly produced and bizarre adverts, aiming to sell useless, pointless and in most cases, physically harmful products. I feel that I have only just begun to explore the visual and linguistic devices used to achieve this, but at this point, in the case of Tim and Eric, I think it could be argued that the medium is the message.

Wednesday, 15 October 2014

Chronologies 1: A History of Type Lecture

Todays lecture covered the history of type. I am interested in aspects of typography as I touched on it briefly whilst on my foundation course last year, and I realise its importance through visual communication. The aims of the lecture were:

> To give an overview of the history of type

> To outline the six classifications

> To inform us of some famous type faces and their connotations

> To explore the function of typography 




Typography

> Meta-communication
> Paralinguistics
> Kinesics

Type face Families

> Old Style
> Transitional
> Modern
> Slab Serif
> Humanist Sans Serif
> Gothic

Origins of Writing - 3200 BCE: At this point people were attempting to visualise language. Communicating on a much broader scale to a wider variety of people. Knowledge and culture spread at a quicker rate.

Roman Empire & Alphabet - 113AD: Still basically the alphabet that we use today, the Romans came up with an agreed system of sharing knowledge. Around 500BC the Roman empire fell and very little happened in the west through the Dark Ages for 700 years or so.

Around 1450 - The Age of Print: The invention of the Gutenberg print press (1456) and movable type. This was a huge progression from monks handwritten scripts. The ability to produce reprints meant that more people could get access to materials; Western civilisation begins to develop again, kickstarting the Renaissance. 

First type faces were developed following movable type. Gothic fonts and scripts were used to reflect handwriting. (Gothic scripts now reference the Dark Ages). Developments followed and typefaces no longer needed to reflect handwriting. They now referenced developing technology.

Jensen is an example of a classical typeface which reflects the idiosyncrasies of handwritten scripts, referred to as 'Humanist'. 
Fonts that are referred to as 'Old style' reflect the Humanist fonts. They have connotations of sophistication.

Type then moved from being linked to human form, to being logical and rational, based on a grid format. - Transitional typefaces.

1784: Modern culture and modern consumer culture emerges. Further refinement of fonts leading to totally unhumanist typefaces with very few references to handwriting. The most famous is Didot (Didone) - With the smallest possible ligatures and a great contrast between thick and thin lines. Didot reflects Modernism and is used in a lot of fashion magazines (Vogue) - seen as being clean, fresh, new, fashionable etc

1800s: Industrialisation and mass urbanisation, leading to the introduction of the Slab Serif fonts. In a chaotic society, attention grabbing type was needed to communicate quickly and aggressively. These typefaces were bold and eye catching and used on ads and fly posters. Can be used now to reference Victorian culture.

1870s: Education Act - the acknowledgement that the mass public could not read and forcing a system to emerge to make people literate. This would result in mass access to reading and a higher importance for typography.

1919: Walter Gropius (founder of the Bauhaus school) Bauhaus Modernists emerge and type became a Modernist obsession. Sans Serif fonts were regarded highly - reflecting the ideology of function over form. It was about looking forward. These typefaces were neutral and didn't reference a country's past. Signifies progressiveness and being up to date.

Eric Gill created Gill Sans (his most famous typeface) which was a Sans Serif font used on the London Underground, as well as on the modern, simple design of Penguin books.

'Times' was invented to refer back to a time of 'Imperial Greatness' - its connotations are the opposite of the Modernists. The Serif font was considered conservative.

The history of typefaces and their connotations are really important factors to take into account before utilising a font. For example, the Nazis used Gothic fonts in their propaganda to stand away from the Modernists. They wanted to move away from the forward-moving 'people-coming-together' connotations of the modern fonts. Using this typeface nowadays could evoke the wrong kind of response due to its use throughout history. 

1957: Max Miedinger invented Helvetica. It is seen as the epitome of Modernist font. It has no historical connotations and instead maintains total clarity. It is the signature font of Swiss style and is used by a huge amount of Graphic Designers.

The typeface 'Arial' came about after Microsoft waited 25 years for the license on Helvetica to run out, before completely ripping it off. The fonts are incredibly similar in appearance. 

1990: Steve Jobs. Apple Macs totally changed design aesthetics and gave people the ability to actively understand type and design.




To conclude:

> The choice of typeface can change the meaning of text through its connotations. The majority of typefaces can carry heavy 'historical baggage'.

> Even if something is beautifully designed, a poor font can completely cheapen the aesthetic.

> Ariel is a cheap rip off of a beautiful font, and so we all hate it.

> We all hate Comic Sans.

Study Task 2: Visual Research Task

Taking inspiration from the 'Lynch on Lynch' book that I have started reading, I think it may be interesting to look into the idea of memories, dreams and the unconscious mind and the way in which this influences our creation and perception of Illustration. David Lynch frequently references fragmented memories, or childhood experiences within his work which is what makes it so deep and emotive. 

I think that this topic would fit into the theme of 'culture' with overlaps into 'society' and 'history' at times. 

I could explore the Surrealist movement, which focusses strongly on the unconscious (although arguably surrealist art was actually a product of the conscious mind and the ego), thoughts, dreams and imagination. Surrealism often involved artists painting unnerving, illogical scenes. Max Ernst and Salvador Dali are considered two of the most prominent of these artists, and I feel it would be interesting to explore Illustrators who have been influenced by this movement. 

Researching some of the theories of Sigmund Freud could aid my exploration, helping me to build up a basis of knowledge upon which to reflect.

Below are some images that I feel are relevant: 



'The Great Masturbator' Salvador Dali 1943


Donya Todd 2009


'The Elephant Celebes' Max Ernst 1921

'Figura Ajena' Smithe 2012 


'Un Paseo' Smithe 2010

Some thoughts concerning Illustration...

This seminar shed some light on the different keywords that we could possibly explore as part of our Context of Practice work and some examples of them. 

To begin with, we covered the notion that in the opinion of Lawrence Zeegen, Illustration is in real danger of returning to its role as a cottage industry which lacks content, or a message. 

"It's all about the materials, rather than the message. It's all about the quantity rather than the quality. It's all about design doing rather than design thinking. It's all style over content, function following form. Illustration has withdrawn from the big debates of our society to focus on the chit-chat and tittle-tattle of inner-sanctum nothingness."

Though I think that this quote is a huge generalisation and is not at all applicable to many honest, hard working Illustrators, it does highlight the importance of some kind of message or purpose behind the artwork. Illustrations without purpose aren't illustrations, they're just drawings. 

Where is the content? Where is the comment? - Lawrence Zeegen - Creative Review

 
David Shrigley


Above is the 'First thing's First' manifesto from 1964 which expressed the desire of Illustrators, Designers, Photographers etc to move away from trivial consumer advertising and be able express and utilise their skills for more useful and lasting forms of communication.

The idea of fighting the nothingness, and the desire for visual communicators to have a voice and express their thoughts and opinions led us on to the five topics we are able to choose from to begin our written work: 

> SOCIETY

> POLITICS

> HISTORY

> CULTURE

> TECHNOLOGY

'Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society' by Raymond Williams helped to define each of the topics that we explored. 

Examples of each of the subjects were:

SOCIETY - Illustration that deals with topics or issues raised within the social groups in which we live. 

Norman Rockwell's illustrations of the 'perfect America', break away from the way in which the society was perceived and put emphasis on freedom and the American Dream. Also his illustration 'The Problem We All Live With' highlighted racism in a dramatic and emotive way. 


Various covers from The New Yorker are based on social situations or events, from lighthearted occurrences to solemn illustrations following the tragedy of 9/11.

Adrian Tomine 2004

 
            Barry Blitt 2011                                 Art Spiegelman 2001 


POLITICS - Illustrating a political message; potentially a strong and persuasive comment and a very effective way of spreading that message.

Steve Bell's representation of David Cameron; a ridiculous, satire illustration which voices a political opinion/message.

Steve Bell 2011


HISTORY - This could be any Illustration throughout history but a specific example would be war time propaganda.

Each of these images are persuasive in nature and convey a strong message of patriotism through imagery and text. 

                                  Saville Lumley 1915                            E.J.Kealy 1915


CULTURE - This could be a number of things; the group in which we live, ideals that we have been taught, the way in which we classify ourselves within our society and the shaping of a society throughout history which forms a set of rules by which we do or do not adhere. 

Below is the work of David Shrigley, which makes a mockery of people who are considered to be upper class art buffs, not only through the speech bubbles and text but through the careless, scruffy way in which it is drawn.

David Shrigley 'Art Lovers'


TECHNOLOGY - This topic would highlight the development of technology throughout history and the ways in which is effects, progresses and evolves Illustration.

The way in which technology has developed to give Illustrators, Designers, Photographers and other creatives the ability to mass produce affordable, easily accessible work could be an interesting topic to explore within this theme. Below is an example of a penny dreadful: 



Wednesday, 8 October 2014

Visual Literacy - The Language of Visual Culture Lecture

Today we had our first Context of Practice lecture, which was based on the concept of visual literacy.

As visual communicators, we need to:


> Solve problems of communication through type, image or motion


> Have an interest in words, language, message and meaning


> Communicate ideas or concepts to different audiences in a range of contexts.


For messages, ideas and concepts to be communicated successfully, we must have a shared understanding of signs, symbols and gestures. This is affected by the audience, context, media and method of distribution. Visual literacy is the idea that pictures can be read, but for this to be successful we need to have a basic understanding of visual syntax and visual semantics.


Visual Syntax

The syntax of an image refers to its pictorial structure and visual organisation. For example, its framing, format, line, texture etc; basically all of the formal elements that make up the image.

Visual Semantics

Semantics of an image refers to the way the image fits into a cultural process of communication. This includes the relationship between form and meaning, and the way that this meaning is created through cultural references, social ideals, religious beliefs, political ideas, historical structures etc.

Semiotics

Toward the end of the lecture we were introduced to the topic of semiotics. This covers non-linguistic sign systems, visual language and visual literacy. It is the study of signs and sign processes, indication, designation, likeness, metaphor, symbolism, signification and communication. Visual elements of semiotics include symbol, sign, signifier, metaphor, metonym and synecdoche.

Symbol: (e.g. logo - image)
Sign: (e.g. identity - what the image represents)
Signifier: (e.g. brand - the connotations of the brand and its message or meaning)
Metaphor: Transfers the meaning from one image to another. Used to convey a message about something unfamiliar by associating it with something familiar.
Metonym: Symbolic image used to make reference to a subject. Related, but not intrinsically linked. 
Synecdoche: A universally recognised image, inherently connected to the subject.

Study Task 1: Library Research Task

Although I took this book out of the library based on my own personal reading, I think its references to film, art, history and the brilliant mind of an imaginative, original creative genius could prove helpful with my Context of Practice work.



791.43 LYN

I think once I have experienced some of the lectures and developed my knowledge a little more in some key areas, I will be able to make more of an informed decision about my written work.